The Economy of Uae

On what will the economy of the United Arab Emirates be based after the termination of oil resources? Among the independent states in the region of Persian Gulf, there are many countries which have achieved essential economics success, using the resource factor in their development. The Federation of the United Arab Emirates is considerably the best one. Owing to the richest oil deposits and the competent policy of using the given natural resources, it took them only 30 years to become one of the richest states in the world and reach the income level comparable with the highly developed countries.However, what will be the base of the UAE’s economy, when the world runs out of oil supplies? Before the discovery of oil and gas sources the Trucial States (which today form the UAE) had limited resources and its economy depended mainly on agriculture and the trade in pears, that is why that period reflected the state of a simple subsistence economy. Since 1970 the situation began to change. December 2, 1971 six of the seven emirates (the emirate Ras-al-Khaimah joined in 1972) announced the creation of the federation called the United Arab Emirates.This event coincided with a massive increase in oil production, followed by a further sharp rising of oil prices. This course of events allowed the UAE to achieve the economic prosperity. At the same time, the ruling Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, realizing that oil is a finite resource, commissioned to work out a plan which could reduce the dependence of the state on oil. The state budget revenue in 1980 was fully formed with the profits from oil and gas. However, it was decided to develop a plan of the diversification of economy.Trade and tourism were chosen as the general directions. From year to year, the dependence on petrol production in the state is increasing: in 1980 oil took about 80% of GDP, but today, according to a number of sources oil takes about 30 % of GDP. The reduction of oil industry is happen ing due to the intensive development of the following sectors: trade, tourism and construction activity. Transport infrastructure is fairly well-developed and the foreign investments are actively being involved to the economy. What is the future of the UAE?How is the economy of the state going to develop without oil, which supplies, according to Jack Gerard’s researches (2005) will be absolutely depleted in 50 years? What kind of challenges will the United Arab Emirates be forced to face? Every state is a part of the world community and problems which the world faces, sooner or later will be actual in a separate state. One of the world biggest threats is the food crisis. For some countries it is relevant today, for others it is something, which they will have to face in the nearest future.Every state that wants to get rid of this terrible problem should actively create alternative sources of energy and develop the agriculture, right now. The UAE is not an exception. The main problem the UAE faced on the way of developing this sector is climate. There is no doubt that the investment funds, emitted on the construction of desalination water factories, make the agriculture industry more independent. Unfortunately, that is not enough. While the state has the time and possibilities it is necessary to concentrate seriously on this problem.They have to coordinate the directions of the Science Researches and achieve the high level of different types of technologies that will help to improve the necessary sectors quickly. In the future UAE must become the leader in producing the food stuff and also dematerializing water. Time is flying but no one accepts the fact that soon people around the world will depend on the quality and quantity of water and food. Implementation of these plans will enable the UAE to become the highly industrial state in 21st century, regardless the oil. The production of food and water will definitely fix the state up with economical stabi lity.

India 2014 Elections Essay

Congress had an emphatic victory in 2009 Lok Sabha elections. UPA-2 started on a high by winning almost full majority on its own. However, their second term has been marred with controversies and corruption allegations. Starting with Commonwealth Games scam, every few months saw a new scam coming out like Adarsh Society scam and the biggest of all, the 2G scam. Fuel and commodity prices have risen sharply in the past few years adding to the woes of common man. Crusade against black money and corruption by Anna Hazare and to some extent baba Ramdev has only added to the woes of Congress. But Congress is shrewd and knows politics quite well. They know that offense is the best way to defend. For every scam or corruption news that comes out, they bounce back with equally controversial news against rival parties. Their projection of Rahul Gandhi, who has not yet proved any political sense, as a Prime Ministerial candidate may help them in their campaign build up to 2014 polls. [pic][pic]M ain opposition party Bhartiya Janata Party was left down and out after the 2009 polls. BJP’s arch enemy is not Congress but BJP itself. It’s leaders have failed to capitalize on core issues of price rise and corruption against the Congress. They should have learned from how Congress and some smaller parties have been able to successfully use the anti-minority tag against the BJP for over two decades now. BJP has also lost a lot of mass appeal leaders over the years. Most popular elader in india Atal Behari Vajpayee has now retired from active politics. Charasmatic leader and face of modern India, Pramod Mahajan was killed in a tragic incident. Stalwarts like Govindacharya and Jaswant Singh were thrown out. Prime Ministerial candidate Murli Manohar Joshi has been made to sit on the sidelines with no influence on national level politics. L K Advani is close to retirement years and firebrand Sushma Swaraj hasn’t proved to be a winner yet. That leaves the party with only one leader of mass appeal, Narendra Modi, who may not yet be ready to leave Gujara t and join National level politics. Besides, everyone knows Congress will play the anti-minority tag aginst him quite well. BJP has also destroyed its chances by not forming strategic alliances with other parties in states. It used to ahve an allaince with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, Mamata Banerjee’s TMC in West Bengal and BJD in Orissa, but they have all left BJP group now. BJP’s loss has been Congress’s gain. Third Front parties have been reduced to play a minority role at the center over the past few years. Leaders like Lalu Yadav, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Jayalalitha, Mayawati are no longer king makers. Most of them have been left with no option then to support the ruling Govt, in this case the Congress. Left Front has already become non-existent after the debacle in 2011 Assembly elections and it’d be highly unlikely that they’d make any comeback by 2014. FOr the past few years, most third Front allies have been hob-nobbing with the Congress, which raises doubts on their very existence. Third Front was formed to combat BJP as well as Congress, but if you are going to chose Congress after the polls every time, then won’t it better for people to vote for Congress directly? Third Front needs to get its priorities right and decide on thei future survival options, because as of now their future looks bleak. The Contenders for India Elections 2014: Though Congress may not admit it yet, but Manmohan Singh may be shown the door out, and Congress may prefer to field Rahul Gandhi as its Prime Ministerial candidate in 2014. it may be too ealryfor Rahul to lead the nation as he has not proven his political accumen yet, but after the negative reviews UPA-2 is gathering, Congress amy want to chnage Manmohan Singh. As for BJP, the choice may be between one last try for L K Advani and popular leader Narendra Modi.

Benefits of Using the Internet

The advent of the Internet has become one of the most important manmade inventions during the twentieth century. With the use of the Internet everyone can easily access live weather reports, prepare travel reservations and research on a foreign country without leaving their computer. Certainly everyone wants to veils someplace around the world they can call paradise, I know do; and the paradise I would love to veils one day Is Boar Boar.I never heard of Boar Boar until I watched a popular television show titled â€Å"Keeping up with The Sardinian. † In one of the episodes of â€Å"Keeping up with the Sardinian† the family took an exciting trip to Boar Boar, and they participated in many entertaining activities that I would like to try someday such as Jet skiing, exploring the country's exotic wildlife, scuba diving in the ocean, etc. While browsing the Internet I learned the history of the Boar Boar, which is part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia located in th e Southern Pacific Ocean.It Is approximately 160 miles northwest of Athol and about 2,600 miles south of Hawaii. An Interesting fact about Boar Boar Is that after the bombing of Pearl Harbor the united States entered World War II and chose Boar Boar as a South Pacific military supply and aviation base as well as constructed multiple defensive forts. During this period the island of Boar Boar and its U. S. Military presence was known as â€Å"Operation Bobcat. † It maintained a supply force of nine ships, 20,000 tons of equipment and nearly 7,000 men.Seven massive naval cannons were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential anti-U. S. Military threats. The use of the Internet assisted me to found out more interesting facts about Boar Boar. For Instance I typed out â€Å"Where is Boar Boar located? At Google search. And according to Google, Boar Boar is a tropical Island In French Polynesia that Is located In the middle of the Pacific Ocean h alfway between Australia and the united States of America.I also typed out, â€Å"Why Is Boar Boar one of the best ultimate tropical vacation getaway? ‘ It stated that the island has pristine white sand beaches, clear blue lagoons, tropical vegetation over dramatic volcanic peaks, and numerous beautiful tourist resorts. In addition, the Internet informed me useful traveling and educational information about country's culture, socioeconomic statuses, weather forecast, demographics, and such more. The predominant languages spoken among the indigenous and non- indigenous people are French, English and Titian.The weather in Tahiti is similar to the island of Guam and normally has two seasons: the wet season and the dry season. If tourists want to find out when Is the best period to travel to Boar Boar, they can browse the website at www. Overindulgence's. Com. Lastly, the Island of Boar Borax's geographic landscape Is 29. 3 km (1 1. 31 square miles), set In a turquoise lagoon tha t is surrounded by a string of small islands, and Mount Ottoman has a The Internet has become a significant and marvelous tool to billions of people's daily lifestyle at their work, school, and home around the world.Accessing information electronically can be quick and easy in a manner of seconds. It has revolutionized the social network that made politicians implement new laws so they can monitor and prevent any national or international potential threats or crimes from occurring; it has assisted businesses in improving the process of economic globalization and marketing; and it allows people from all ages to communicate with their family and rinds members across the world.My draft question: wintertime's show how people are using internet to find out the real story about the place. Before the internet you have to relay on the travel brochure/agent. What happened in recent years that may people may not trust company in business†¦.. Peer reviewers Familiar what is going on in th e internet†¦ 1. Find a place where you want to visit (building -hotel, park, neighborhood, market etc.. ) 2. What did you learned and find out about the place that you would not known that places. 3. This is to aware that there are places that is

Business Strategy of Smith Radiators Inc Case Study

Business Strategy of Smith Radiators Inc - Case Study Example A review of the current HR policies of Smith Radiators revealed that these do not support the current business strategy of a reactor. After identifying the strengths and weaknesses, the organization should address these and eventually assume the business strategy of a defender. There are various weaknesses noted in the current HR policies that ultimately stem for the centralized decision-making process and the lack of formal training and development programs. The recommended HR approach that the organization should take should focus on reviewing their policies on recruitment, selection, maintenance (particularly training and development programs), and other HR policies. Specifically, a closer look into decentralized decision-making to involve the management team and other crucial employees would be expounded; (2) a review of the contract and agreement with the Union in terms of benefits, compensation, and security concerns of employees should be delved into; (3) a review of current j ob descriptions are required; and (4) a closer coordination with other government agencies that affect work conditions such as the Department of Labor, the US EEOC, and the OSHA, must be forged to fit the defender strategy.  Using Miles and Snow typology of organizational strategies, it is eminent that Smith Radiators, Inc. is applying the reactor business strategy in view of addressing the issues presented from the Automobiles of America, Inc. (AAI) letter. AAI proposed two relevant actions that need to be addressed to enable Smith Radiators to continue supplying radiators to them: (1) requirement for Smith Radiators to be a fully certified AAI supplier within 20 months from the receipt of the letter; and (2) the application of Just-in-Time (JIT) delivery of radiators within three months, or by July 15, 1991. As a reactor, the organization sees that a major change would be required but their ability to change is not quick enough due to the following reasons: (1) it would require an evaluation of the current policies and operating functions that would be affected from the proposed changes and the time frame needed within which they could comply; and (2) it would have to design appropriate strategies that should be adopted to achieve the defined goal. Currently, the Human Resources (HR) department implements policies that do not support the business strategy as a reactor. The following policies are currently enforced: Recruitment Policies: (1) use of internal sources through referrals of current employees in recruitment; (2) giving a $500 monetary incentive to employees for referring new recruits who would stay beyond two years.

Write about the picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write about the picture - Essay Example The embedded collage and texts on the painting are comprised of conservation themed texts and quotes, a few pages from Dr. Seuss’s The Lorax, photographs of the area, images of a power transmission tower and a Navajo matriarch off to the left of the canvas. The painting also contains a nude torso daguerreotype of Hannock’s late wife that was applied on their 10th anniversary in 8th April 2010 (Goebel 9). Hannock is well known for his luminescent paintings that relay his personal story interlinked with stories and people of a certain place. In this painting, he aimed at reminding the world, with the Coloradans being the primary targets, about the amazing landscapes in the American West and the need for conserving them (Goebel 12). As a picture is worth a thousand words, Hannock painted it to object the decision of two power companies who wanted to build a solar power transmission line in the

Strategic Change Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Strategic Change Management - Assignment Example For even the most successful companies, survival cannot be guaranteed. In many segments of the economy, organisation should have talent to adapt quick to change for their survival. When business organisations fail to change, the cost of failure may be quite high. For instance, Eastman Kodak Company was once a great successful business, but now it is in the doldrums as it failed to recognise changes that were happening in the industry. Eastman Kodak narrow-minded corporate culture assumed that its strength was its marketing strategy and brand, and it miscalculated the threat of digital cameras (Dan 2012). This research report will analyse why business is to give great significance to strategic change management, and if it failed to recognise the changes happening around it , it may become one of the 70 companies disappeared from the list of top 100 companies of Fortune magazine and how the Eastman Kodak failure is offering the costly lesson for not responding to changes with particula r reference to eBay by demonstrating how eBay is responding to strategic change management quickly and fastly to secure its market position. The strategic change involves enhancing the alignment between an organisation’s atmosphere, organisational design and strategy. Strategic change interventions include initiatives to enhance both the organisation’s association to its environment and the proper balance between its cultural, political and technical systems. Due to some major disruptions to the organization, the need for change is normally triggered such as a technological breakthrough, removal of regulatory needs or where a new CEO has been appointed who is hailing from the outside the organization. The speed of the international technological and economic development makes the change as an unavoidable factor for an organisation. Organisational development (OD) is designed by introducing the planned change to enhance an organisation’s

SUMMARY ON USING OUR GES TO PREDICT OLYMPIC MEDALS Speech or Presentation

SUMMARY ON USING OUR GES TO PREDICT OLYMPIC MEDALS - Speech or Presentation Example When there are more participants there is also high medal attainment. Basing on the medal determining factors mentioned we can generate an accuracy GES mathematical model to predict the medals. We choose to use a scale of ten to rate different countries in terms of political stability, incomes, economic development, technology and population. The country with high overall rating will attain highest medals. Example in table form is ; From the above explanation we can state the model as medals earned is directly proportional to overall development. Medal ratio = (political stability + incomes + economic development+ technology + population) / 5. China and Great Britain were highly missed and I think this is due to their huge population which gives a high expectation of participants. The pitfalls in this prediction GES is the technology which has little effect in the athletics

Reflecting on a moral problem ( affirmative action) Essay

Reflecting on a moral problem ( affirmative action) - Essay Example Other countries similarly enlightened adopted the same principles of this affirmative action law but termed it differently, such as â€Å"positive discrimination† in the United Kingdom in which discrimination was given a positive and beneficial connotation or in Canada where it is called as employment equity to mean everybody has equal chances at getting employed if a person has the same qualities, qualifications, credentials, and capabilities as another person. In all these countries, the main idea was to take positive action that will equalize everybody. In reference to the Women's Liberation Movement (or feminism for short), the same laws in principle were adopted and likewise applied to women to have the same opportunities as men. Some countries adopted a different system altogether such as using quotas to allocate a certain number of slots to members of some minority groups. The same idea of affirmative action was soon introduced to schools and universities in admitting s tudents for enrollment. In this paper, it will be argued how procedural affirmative action is the better of the two variants. ... The only remaining criterion for a job applicant is his or her qualifications for the position. In a sense, this first side of affirmative action is negatively stated, that to achieve the noble aims of affirmative action, any employer should ignore the applicant's race, creed, or color. This first side is what is now called as the procedural affirmative action (Cahn 14). On the other hand, the second side is now more nuanced as it carefully takes into its consideration the very things which were supposed to be ignored or not considered such as an applicant's race, creed, or color; the elements which will make affirmative action a success is to embrace the same criteria which were to be ignored or discarded as mentioned earlier. It is now incumbent upon a potential employer to carefully take into consideration the same things like race, creed, or color when evaluating an applicant. This is what is required now by the so-called preferential affirmative action by paying very close atten tion to the same criteria. These two seemingly contradictory aspects of the affirmative action program can be problematic for those desirous to comply with its provisions and objectives although both two aims aspire for the same result of equality in opportunities. The main problem is whether to use the same set of criteria and then whether to grant compensatory advantages to group members of minorities who were discriminated against. This flies in the face of the ideals of affirmative action which is to allow everybody to compete fairly on an equal footing against everybody else. This implies preference for diversity to enrich everybody's experience but the philosophical debate on this issue has

Influences of Innovation at Apple Inc Case Study

Influences of Innovation at Apple Inc - Case Study Example The present case study dwells on the innovative features of the business at Apple Inc. The discussion commences from its very beginning and ends with the contemporary strategies and business of the firm. Apple Inc., (Apple) is a US - based multinational corporation that focuses on design and manufacture of consumer electronics and closely related software products. The company was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, engaged in designing, developing, selling and supporting a wide range of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, computer hardware and hardware accessories. Till 2007, the firm opened around 200 retail stores across five countries and one online store through which hardware and software products are being sold (Retail Stores). In the year 2008, the firm was awarded the best corporate performer organized by the famous business magazine, Business Week. (Best Performer Award 2008). Apple started its innovation journey with its first Apple computer in the year 1976. After that the company introduced the Apple II microcomputer on April 16, 1977 and it was different from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, mainly because of its color graphics and an open architecture. In 1983, the company introduced the Lisa, the first commercial personal computer to employ a Graphical User Interface (GUI). In the early 2000s, Apple expanded its focus on software and included professional and consumer video, music, and photo production solutions with a view to promote its products as a "digital hub". Apple developed its own operating system to run on its hardware such as Macs, Mac OS X and Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard. Apple also independently developed computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Apple also offered a range of professional software titles. On May 19, 2001, Apple launched its first official Apple retail stores (Appendix I) in Virginia and California and continued to set up more stores in the US and other countries. Apple retail stores are a chain of stores owned and operated solely by Apple Inc., dealing in computers and consumer electronics. On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player equipped with a 5 GB hard drive and a monochrome screen. The current models can store up to 160 GB and display video, play games, and support a wide range of third-party add-on devices. Apple added new models of iPod(R) touch, after the success of the iPod touch (Appendix II) launched in 2007. Another innovative milestone in the launch of Apple products was the Apple iPhone. It was introduced by the company in late June 2007 at the top price of $599 with 8GB and a less price of $499 with 4GB. iPhone (Appendix III) was one of the most anticipated electronic devices of the decade (Apple Inc History). AppleCare is a customer service program designed by the company to meet the needs of individuals and businesses. In addition, there are numerous online resources within the AppleCare Support website that provide valuable information and instructions. Apple's self-servicing account program is designed for institutions and businesses - for

Developmental psychology, Essay Example for Free

Developmental psychology, Essay It is important to keep evaluating learning activities as the child’s needs may change or your planning may not work and may need changing. Planning, teaching and evaluation is a cycle which gives structure to the learning process. Whilst in the planning process I need to know the learning objectives so that you are clear about that the pupils are expected to achieve. When evaluating you will need to look at whether the children were able to meet the leaning objectives in their task. If a child was to complete a task quickly this should be recorded. 1. 2 Weakness 1.   When planning a work activity I always take into account the children’s learning needs and levels, for example you could have a child in your group which lacks concentration and needs a more practical approach in order to show interest and for the task to be successful. For example: Child A – Lacks concentration Child B – Does not enjoy Literacy Child C – Find tasks difficult 1. 4 – All lesson plans should be made available to the LSA’s before the class starts, even if you do not have time to look at the plan you should discuss with the teacher what you are to do. Learning objectives – You must always be clear on the learning objectives of the lesson or what pupils are expected to be able to do. Leaning recourses required – The lesson plan should detail any materials which are different from those which are normally found in the classroom. Own role in supporting learning activities – It should be made clear what you are required to do whether it’s supporting a group or an individual. Specific information – you should have access to school reports about pupils learning and be able to refer to them if required whether its paper or electronic based. Sometimes changes need to be made to plan and this may happen last minute so you will need to be flexible. Any changes made to the children’s routine may affect their behaviour so you need to take this into consideration. 1. 5 2. 3 We should always be made aware of the health and safety issues especially when working with children; it is the main duty of all school employees to keep the children safe. Young children or children with additional needs may not be aware of certain hazards. Schools also have security measures in place such as gates and a signing in policy for all visitors. If you ever come across a unfamiliar face within the school grounds you should always approach them in a polite manor by saying. ‘Can I help you? ’ All storage areas should be kept tidy so they do not cause a hazard they should also be locked, spaces like cleaning cupboard especially as they store a lot of hazardous materials and can sometimes be left untidy as staff may not have enough time to tidy up or may not be sure where certain items should be. You must always make sure that no fire exits in the classrooms are blocked by chairs / tables, they should always be accessible. Describe the sorts of problems that might occur when supporting learning activities, and how to deal with these: Noise Sometimes during classes children can become distracted by noise from within the classroom and from outside (such as another classroom, or people on the hallway). I help to combat this problem by closing the doors and any windows open to the noise, and also by reminding children to work as quietly as possible and raise their hand to speak rather than shout out. Insufficient resources Many of the activities set by the teacher involve the use of multiple resources e. g. books, pencils crayons, scissors, glue, rulers etc. Unfortunately there are not always enough resources for every student, resulting in there being a delay in the commencement of work (due to trying to locate extra supplies). This problem is managed by preparing for the lesson before it begins, ensuring there are sufficient resources for the class, and also by encouraging children to help to and share with each other whenever possible. Having an inclusive class with a wide spectrum of abilities another problem which can occur when supporting learning activities, is ensuring that the all children are engaged, involved and fully understanding the task that has been set when there is such a wide spectrum of abilities. This can be dealt with in several ways, such as splitting the class into ability based groups, encouraging high ability children to help those who are struggling to keep pace (this also helps to keep the class working on a similar level), and also by setting achievable targets for work. Shy students Children may suffer from shyness which can affect their ability to work individually (such as being worried about being wrong), and get involved with the class as a whole or participate in group work. Weather – The weather can always be a distraction to the children, if it’s hot and sunny out the children can get hot and agitated. 5. 1 The reasons why it is important to evaluate learning activities are: †¢ To see what is working and what needs removing or changing †¢ To assess how the activities are being delivered and how they could be improved †¢ To see how the activities are being received by the participants Evaluation is important as it helps out when planning and helps you to think about the learning that has taken place. Spending time going through the learning activities and seeing how students have responded to a certain task or question, can really help re-shape it for future classes. It is also important to look back at the learning objects so you can measure what the children have learned. If you do not think carefully about learning objectives at the planning stage, it will not always be possible to evaluate whether pupils have achieved them. Learning objectives need to be clear for this to be possible. Learners must understand what the outcomes mean. †¢ They must be achievable. †¢ We must be able to assess pupils against them. Evaluating helps you to see if something is succeeding or may need changing. If students whizzed through the activity and then looked rather bored then it would be obvious that the task was a bit too easy and not really suitable or beneficial for that group. Therefore you would need to try and make it more engaging and stimulating, perhaps by making it more difficult or time-consuming so the students really have to work to complete it. If the activities are taking longer than expected and you can see that the students are really struggling, things again would need to be addressed. Students may not meet the learning objective, but they could have a real enthusiasm for the subject and have participated fully in all aspects of the lesson. You will need to record this somewhere. 5. 2 5. 2 and 5. 4 Upon completion of the task, I then provided constructive feedback to the class teacher, and feedback on her participation and progress. I explained that the child was:  · Very pleased to be given individual support and was positively responsive to the support (smiled, listened intently, and produced the work expected through understanding)  · After a couple of examples was able to achieve the objective of drawing on the hands onto the clock face on the task sheet given  · Succeeded in progressing in the learning activity  · Went back into the classroom with a big proud smile as she had enjoyed the task and benefited from the support. I informed the teacher that she responded well to reassurance and lots of positive praise and was very happy to receive a sticker after the task. I explained that she had completed the given learning activity objective. I gave constructive feedback that she 5. 3 Difficulties which I came across As I have not worked with this particular group before I found it hard to see what stage each child was at and what support each child needed and as the task was outside we faced a lot of distractions. Spring Work Aims / Objectives Children to identify features of spring Looking for signs of spring using senses I can see / smell / touch Share ideas With the whiteboards – Create senses poem I can see the blue sky Recourses White Boards White board pens Ipad – take pictures Evaluation The children found it a little hard to concentrate as they were taken outside and they were easily distracted ie. Wanted to run around and touch things.

Classification Of Network Topology

Classification Of Network Topology The term topology refers that way in which the end points, or stations, attached to the network are interconnected or it is the arrangements of systems in a computer network. It can be either physical or logical. The physical topology refers that, how a network is placed in a physical way and it will include the devices, installation and location. Logical topology refers that how a data transfers in a network as opposed to its design. The network topology can be categorized into bus, ring, star, tree and mesh. Hybrid networks (They are the complex networks, which can be built of two or more topologies together). Bus Topology A bus topology is characterized by the use of a multi point medium. A long and single cable acts as a backbone to connect all the devices in a network. In a bus topology, all computers are stations attaching through the tap (an interfacing hardware to connect to the network) and it connects directly to the bus network. Datas are transmitting and receiving to the bus, by the duplex actions between the tap and the device. Devices in the bus topology send a broadcast message to the other device for communications. But the proposed device can only accepts and processes the messages. Advantages Bus topology can install very easily on a network. Cabling will be less compare to other topologies because of the main backbone cable laid efficiently in the network path. Bus topology suited for a small network. If one computer fails in the network, the other computers are not affected they will continue to work. It is also less expensive than star topology. Disadvantages The cable length will limited and there by limits the number of stations. The main cable (backbone cable) fails, and then the entire network will fail. It is very difficult to trouble shoot. Maintenance cost is very high in a long run. Terminators are required for both the ends of the cable. Ring topology The ring topology is the network consists of dedicated point to point connection and a set of repeaters in a closed loop. Signals passing through ring in a single direction until they reach to its final destination. It may be clock wise or anti clock wise. Datas are transmitted in the form of frames. These topologies are used in school campuses and some office buildings. Advantages It performs better than star topology under heavy work load For managing the connection between the computers, there is no need for the network server. It is cheaper than star topology because of less wiring. By adding the token ring in the network, can create large network. Very order network because all the devices has a access to the token ring and opportunity to transmit. Disadvantages A failure or break in the ring, it can disable the entire network. It is much slower than an Ethernet network with under normal load. Any moves, changes and ads of the devices can affect the network. Network connection devices like (Network adapter cards and MAU) are much more expense than Ethernet cards. Star Topology Star topology is the network in which each station is directly connected to a central connecting node called hub. In star topology all the devices are not directly connected to one another. All the devices are connecting to the central server (switching hub). This topology does not enable the direct traffic between the devices in the network. A controller act as the interface between the devices. A star topology feature, each device needs only one link and one input/output port to connect the number devices in the network. This type of topology is used in local area networks (LAN) and sometimes high speed LAN often uses a star topology with central hub. Advantages If anyone connection is fails in the network, it will not affect the entire network. Only that connection or link affected. It is easy to identify the fault and fault isolation. Easy to expand the network in the star topology. No failure to the network when connecting or removing devices. It is very easy to manage because of its simplicity in the function. Disadvantages In a star topology, if the central connecting device goes down, the entire network will fails. It requires more cable length compared to the linear bus topology. Star topology is more expensive than bus topology because o the connection ports like hub. Tree Topology Tree topology is the generalized form of the bus topology. It integrates the multiple star topologies together on to a bus. The data transmission of the tree topology, through the cables with closed loops. The transmission medium is a branching cable with no closed loops. The layout of the tree topology is beginning at the head end. These layouts have many branches and these are quite complex layouts in the topology. Any transmission from the device is going through the medium and it can receive by all other devices in the tree topology network. Tree Topology will give the expansion of the existing network. Advantages Tree topology is well supported by the hardware and software vendors. Point to point wiring for each and every segments of the network. It is the best topology for the branched networks. Disadvantages It is more expensive because more hubs are required to install the network. Tree topology is entirely depends upon the backbone line, if it fails then the entire network would fail. It is very difficult to configure and wire than other network topologies. In a tree topology, the length of network depends on the type of cable being used. Mesh Topology In a mesh topology, every device has connected to each other or a dedicated point to point link to every other device. (Dedicated term means that the traffic links only between the two devices it connects). To find the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes, we first consider that each node must be connected to other node. Node 1 must be connected to n-1nodes, node 2 must be connected to n-1nodes, and finally node n must be connected n-1 nodes. If each physical link in the network can allow the communication in both directions, we can divide the number of links by 2.In other words we can say that in a mesh topology, we need n (n-1)/2. Suppose if we are connecting 15 nodes in a mesh topology, then the number of cables required; CN = n (n-1)/2 CN = Number of cables = 15 (15 1)/2 n = Node = 15*14/2 = 15*7 = 105 Therefore, the total number of cables required for connecting 15 nodes = 105. Advantages There is no traffic problem because of the dedicated link in the mesh network. Mesh topology is very strong. If any link becomes not active it does not deactivate the entire system. Point-to-point links make full identification and fault isolation easy. Security or privacy for data travels along the dedicated line. Network can be expanded without any disruptions to the users. Disadvantages Installation and reconnection are difficult. Mesh topology required more cabling and the number input/output ports comparing with other network topologies. Sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate. The hardware required to connect each link can be prohibitively expensive. Hybrid Topology A network can be hybrid, which uses two or more network topologies together in a network. An example of hybrid technology is the star ring network. OSI Model in the Network The OSI model was developed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) in 1947, as a model for a computer protocol architecture and as a frame work for developing protocol standards. The purpose of the OSI model is show how the communications are going through in a network between different systems. The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding a network architecture .This model is flexible, very strong and interoperable. The OSI model is a layered frame work for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. OSI model contains of seven layers, each of which defines a part of the process moving information across a network. The OSI reference model has been divided into two categories according to their specific functions in the network architecture; upper layers and lower layers. The lower layers are used to allow traffic through the network to the other system. The other four layers are used to complete the process to the other system. The Advantages of the OSI model are given below It helps the user to understand the whole features involved in networking OSI model gives a better understanding to the users that how a software and hardware components working together in the networks. Troubleshooting in the OSI model is easier as it breaks the network into usable layers The basic functional relationship terms are defined so that it can be used by network professional on another network The users can understand new technologies as they develop in this model Upper Layers of the OSI Models are; Application layer Presentation layer Session layer The upper layers have act as an interface between the end user and the applications. It consists of all the issues about the application, presentation and sessions and these layers are applied in software only. The application layer is more close to the end user. Examples of upper layer technologies in the OSI model are SNMP, FTP, and WWW etc. Lower Layers of the OSI Model Transport Layer Network Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer These layers provide network specific functions like data transport issues (flow control, addressing and routing). The bottom layers in the OSI model (physical layer and data link layer) can use in software and hardware also. TCP, UDP, IP, IPX are some examples for the lower layers. Application layer The application layer act as the interface to the end users can access the network. Application layer is the layer the user sees in contest of loading an application such as e-mail, supporting the file transfer, ability to print on a network, surfing the World Wide Web etc. These layer have another specific functions like network virtual terminal, access and management, mail services and directory services. Protocols used in this layer are SMTP, Telnet, FTP, and SNMP. Presentation layer In the presentation layer, the application formats the data to be sent out on the network depending on the presentation layer. The presentation allows applications to read and understand the data or message sent.The presentation layer is also responsible for the translation, compression and encryption. Messages are sending between the layers. Presentation layer will translate data into understandable for the transmission. This layer also handles the encryption, decryption, data compression and decompression. Session layer The session layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems. This layer is responsible for opening, using and closing session. It handles the remote procedure calls. Session layers are communication through the gateways and application interfaces. Session layer will also places check points in the data flow. Examples for the session layer are SQL, ASP, and RPC etc. Transport layer The transport layer offers end to end communication between the two end networks devices in a network. The transport layer is also responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. A process is an application program running on a host. The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level. Transport layer gives a type of address to the data called port address. Transport layer also have the responsibilities of detecting transmission error and the proper sequence. This layer divides the messages into smaller packets and it controls the data flow. Network layer A Network layer provides the end to end (source to destination) delivery of a packet, across the multiple networks (links). This layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. Network layer gives logical addressing, so that endpoint (receiver) can be identified. During a packet delivery process it send messages and report errors. This layer also defines the routing works and how routers can learn how a packet can deliver. Examples for network layer protocols are IP, IPX, and TCMP etc. Data link layer A Data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer. This layer divides the datas into frames and gives the physical address. It uses the MAC address for define a hardware or data link address .Data link layer handles the flow control, error control and the access control. This layer can identify the specific computer on the network. Data link layer contains two sub layers; Logical Link Control and Medium Access Control. LLC is the upper layer and which maintain and establish the communication links to the device. And it also responsible for the frame error control and addressing.MAC is the lower sub layer of the data link layer. It controls how the devices sharing the media channel. Physical layer A Physical layer is used to define the connector and interface conditions, also the medium requirements which are cables. The Electrical, Mechanical, Procedural and Functional conditions are also defined by sending a bit stream on the network. This layer defines the characteristics and different types of medium. Physical layer defines the data rate i.e. the duration of a bit or how long they will exist. Physical layer will tell the transmission mode between two devices. Examples for the physical layers are Cables, hubs, switches, repeaters etc. Conclusion Network topologies helps the user to understand the whole features involved in networking and also how the software hardware components together in networks. Network topology provides easy to trouble shooting the OSI models. Users can understand very well about the new technologies in the OSI model. Resources I have searched various websites and books for gathering information about the network topologies and OSI model. Strength of the project I have studied the assignment very deeply and did very hard work for doing this assignment. I collected different type of resources for getting the information for this project like books, journals and websites etc. The project has been completed with the support of my lecture by giving some useful tips. Effective time scheduling really helps me for doing the project. Weaknesses of the project It was very hard to find out the important information for this assignment. Lack of experience for doing these kinds of assignment. What I learned from this project Project planning is very much important for doing a successful project. If we can spend relatively more time on our project, it will be much better for the project. I have learnt how to work under pressure and how to complete the given project in a scheduled time.

Human Trafficking: Modern-Day Slavery Essays -- Sex Trafficking, 2015

Slavery is a modern, pervasive problem. Human trafficking has been found in every state in America (humantrafficking.org). It seems that most Americans likely live within a comfortable drive of someone who is being exploited through human trafficking. There is a growing trend in human trafficking toward sexual exploitation (Bennetts, 2011). The Information Age has helped to create new opportunities for sex trafficking to flourish. Information drives many modern experiences. A wealth of information, on seemingly any topic, is at the fingertips of any person with Internet access. Society has grown accustomed to real-time solutions, instant gratification, and anonymity. New technologies tempt the depth of human curiosity, sometimes resulting in opaque consumer markets that bear heavy human costs. One such market is that of sex trafficking. I will demonstrate how this issue is not being treated with the appropriate seriousness, how sex trafficking results in egregious violations of human rights and losses of human autonomy. The Internet plays a key role in sex trafficking, and we, behind our computers and in our communities can play vital roles in stemming the tide of sex trafficking. While the American government’s current response to combat sex trafficking has been more robust of late, it is imperative that results follow from these improved efforts. Sex -trafficking, defined by the U.S. Department of State’s Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, is, â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act† (TVPA, 2000). Many sex trafficking victims are transported and concealed in establishments that offer legal sex acts, like strip clubs, pornography production, escort services, and so on. Traffickers buy and run legitimate businesses, like massage parlors, modeling studios, and adult book stores, in order to conceal and harbor victims with the goal of selling them (humantrafficking.org). Sex trafficking is not hidden behind closed doors, but is disguised as a regular business for anyone who is interested. Sex-trafficking victims are diverse: U.S. citizens, foreign nationals, women, men and children all make sex slaves (U.S. Department of State PITF). Victims are trafficked in three ways: within their countries of origin, from country-to-country, and to destinat... ... "Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress." Trends in Organized Crime 14.2-3 (2011): 267-71. Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. . Stutler, Ana. "The Connections Between Pornography and Sex Trafficking." Covenant Eyes. 7 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. pornography-and-sex-trafficking/>. U.S. Department of State. The President’s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Rep. Apr. 2014. Web. Oct. 2014. . United States. U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. . "Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 28 Oct. 2000. Web. 14 Oct. 2014. .

Modern Japanese Painting :: essays papers

Modern Japanese Painting Among my peers, art is often overlooked and is seldomly appreciated. Perhaps, with the subsequent information your interest will grow as mine did. During the end of the nineteenth century, also during the time of modern development in painting techniques, Japan entered the international world. Their culture made slight changes due to opposing virtues and renovating ideals pertaining to painting. Europe possessed many of the modernistic, innovative principles and inspired the Japanese tremendously. With the overwhelming influence of the European painting techniques, the Japanese style remained almost unaltered, yet accompanied with modernized standards. The European style migrated to Japan and imposed on the traditional and ancient methods. As a result, the patrons of the ancient style denied the effectual, European ways of artistic expression. Thus, the Japanese culture divided into two worlds: Traditional and Modern Western. The European form was not completely contradictory to the Japanese. However, the color hues, organization of motifs, and personal expression used showed great contrast. These elements were absent in Japanese paintings. The Japanese were considered archaic and anile according to the Europeans (Baker 199). Their artistic expression and reasons for the subject matter usage were constantly changing and refitting the most recent alterations in society (Gregg 757). They strive to find new ways of "representing the intrinsic beauty of nature as a higher synthesis of modern realism and characterism" (Microsoft). Symbolism and realism, "classical restraint and romantic passion" were elements attempting to apply itself to the primitive style and were used to reveal significant affinities (Microsoft). Japanese painting, concerning artistic expression, was the preferred art form and was used to deal with mental tensions and inner thoughts. They were taught the "various rules of objective realism such as linear and aerial perspective, and shading" ("Japan" 959). Their themes encompassed life, mother nature (like the Europeans, but passà ©), movement and character. The inevitable outcome was displayed by the traditional Japanese by objecting and attempting to overcome the conflict between the dual civilizations ("Japan" 958). The concurrent practices took place in a time of complex life situations, and agonies became too acute to be dealt with a traditional art form (Baker 201). In fact, the Western style actually allowed the Japanese to escape the restricted attributes such painting with definition and without perspective or visible space. It gave them more opportunities to show elaborate, uncapped emotion without the risk of condemnation by ancestral painters (Baker 193). In other words, the new method was their scapegoat or moat away from the mainland, as if it was an excuse to

Cheetah :: essays research papers

Cheetah (Acinonyx Jubatus)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to do my television project on the cheetah which I saw on the Discovery Channel. Although I knew some interesting characteristics on the cheetah, I did happen to discover some facts I did not know. Those of which are written in the rest of the paper along with some facts I thought were pretty cool.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cheetah is an endangered species and has been for quit some time. This is mainly due to poachers who hunt and kill this animal for it’s illustrious fur of different colors. It’s coat is very coarse and a goldish color including some round black spots for camouflage. It has â€Å"tear strips† running from it’s eyes to it’s nose. The next part was surprising to me in that the cheetah is only 44-53 inches long. On the TV they always seem bigger somehow. And the tail is about 26-33 inches long! Their average weight is 86-143 pounds, surprisingly light for such a powerful animal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It’s low weight, it seems, is what allows it have it’s high top speed of sixty miles per hour. It is regarded as one the fastest hunters in the world and of course, the fastest land animal in existence. I also found that it’s habitat is in the grassy plains of Africa. This is definitely a great place for it to hide based on it’s coat color. It is because of this combination of tall grass and camouflage coat which allows the cheetah to stalk and catch it’s prey. These usually consist of gazelles, wild boar, or pretty much any animal it can handle. However, the regular range for it’s food is about 88 pounds. The cheetah then drags the meat to it’s â€Å"home†, away from prying animals, and feasts on it immediately.

Hepatitis C Virus

With the WHO goal of HCV elimination seeming more achievable with the new DAA therapy, nurses are uniquely positioned to be the final and vital spoke to get the machine running efficiently. History has shown that nurse led programs in HIV treatment were successful and many developed and developing countries have adopted nurse led models in the fight against HIV. Nurses have the education to be a useful ammunition in the fight against HCV infection. Nurse led programs can be a cost effective alternative and also help to decentralize HCV care and improve access. Certainly, progress in HCV care has been appreciable. Nurses have been integrated into the system in novel ways and numerous studies have shown that the effect is an improved rate of recognition of the infection, treatment uptake and adherence and achievement of sustained virologic response (SVR). Nurse are currently supporting physicians in treating HCV patients. Yet, this is not enough in bringing about any observable change in the epidemic of HCV. With the shortage of physicians and specialists, it is imperative to bring about policy changes that will allow nurses to treat HCV. What is lacking is the involvement of nurse practitioners (NPs). This is the age of DAA and no time has been better than today in involving NPs in the fight against HCV by giving them prescribing authority for DAA. Study conducted in United States (US) showed similar treatment outcomes for HCV infected patients with care by NPs, PCPs and specialists (Sarah et al, 2017) concluding that HCV treatment provided by NPs was as safe as that provided by specialists. An Australian study (Lloyd et al, 2013) conducted between 2009 to 2010 utilizing a nurse led program in prisons with specialist supervision via telemedicine also showed safe and effective HCV treatment outcomes. The newer regimens of DAA which have lesser adverse effects can be easily prescribed by nurse practitioners who have the relevant education and experience. NPs in Australia have already been given the authority to prescribe DAA (Gastroenterology Society, 2017), and US and Canada can take important lessons from the success of this policy change. Nurse practitioners working in nurse led models in prisons, rural areas, and with hard to reach groups like PWID can bridge the gap due to non-availability of specialists.Expanding the scope of practice of NPs is especially relevant today in order to improve uptake of high risk groups into treatment. PWID have a high prevalence of HCV (systematic review 60 – 80% of IDUs in 25 countries had anti HCV while >80% IDUs had anti HCV in 12 countries https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673611610970 ) and are the core group of transmitters. Treatment uptake is low in this group and yet the success of HCV programs is not going to be substantial if issues of HCV detection and treatment in PWID are not addressed effectively. PWID have many barriers to accessing health care, including but not limited to criminalization, poverty, mental health issues, addiction related issues, stigma and marginalization. But they are more likely to be engaged with community level health care providers like primary care physicians and nurses (Milne et al, 2015) in low threshold settings where they do not have fear of stigma or criminalization. Expanding the role of NPs to improve capacity to provide HCV care in these settings will lead to shorter wait times, improve information sharing with patients, advance engagement with the health care team and deliver better treatment outcomes. Prison environments have a huge concentration of HCV infected inmates. 24% of federal prisoners and 23% of provincial prisoners were positive for HCV antibody (Trubnikov 2011). Prisoners are at high risk of passing on the infection due to sharing of drug paraphernalia and are able to spread the infection once out in the community. Rural and remote areas also have disproportionate allocation of health services putting those living in these areas in the demographic of marginalized. Patients are less likely to travel large distances to start and complete treatment. Nurse led models in these two settings are urgently needed to improve HCV care. Nurse led model: a protocol based treatment program can be developed and tailored to cater to the needs of specific populations in community care clinics, OST centers, prisons, rural/ remote areas. The protocol can include relevant history taking, clinical assessment, investigations including the nurse performing transient elastography and triaging patients to determine the risk of each patient. Based on this the nurse would either start treatment, do a one on one consultation with the physician or refer the patient to consult with the physician using telemedicine. Follow up assessments should be conducted and referred for any adverse effects. In prison environments, patients who are released before the end of treatment should be referred to the community center and appropriate continuation of care must be in place. With shorter DAA regimens and better tolerated drugs, more number of prisoners may be offered HCV treatment and more number of inmates may be motivated to complete treatment upon release. Future research should focus on impact of nurses in protocol driven treatment of HCV, nurses dong fibro scan as compared to physicians, efficacy of DOTs therapy in HCV for those populations with adherence issues. Increased funding for specialty education for nurses in viral hepatitis to improve HCV care would definitely improve capacity in the fight against HCV. Lack of treatment for the marginalized is unfair and inexcusable. Nurse led programs in HIV care provided improved outcomes in all indicators and is evidence that they will be crucial in the war against HCV. Nurse practitioners need to rise to the challenge and advocate for better patient care among those affected with HCV by demanding prescribing authority for DAAs. Nurse led model in HCV care is an effective strategy to attain the WHO goal of elimination of HCV by 2030.

Citizenship in the nation Essay

1.Explain what citizenship in the nation means and what it takes to be a good citizen of this country. Discuss the rights, duties, and obligations of a responsible and active American citizen. 2.Do TWO of the following: a. Visit a place that is listed as a National Historic Landmark or that is on the National Register of Historic Places. Tell your counselor what you learned about the landmark or site and what you found interesting about it. b. Tour your state capitol building or the U.S. Capitol. Tell your counselor what you learned about the capitol, its function, and the history. c. Tour a federal facility. Explain to your counselor what you saw there and what you learned about its function in the local community and how it serves this nation. d. Choose a national monument that interests you. Using books, brochures, the Internet (with your parent’s permission), and other resources, find out more about the monument. Tell your counselor what you learned, and explain why the monument is important to this country’s citizens. 3.Watch the national evening news five days in a row OR read the front page of a major daily newspaper five days in a row. Discuss the national issues you learned about with your counselor. Choose one of the issues and explain how it affects you and your family. 4.Discuss each of the following documents with your counselor. Tell your counselor how you feel life in the United States might be different without each one. a. Declaration of Independence b. Preamble to the Constitution c. The Constitution d. Bill of Rights e. Amendments to the Constitution 5.List the six functions of government as noted in the preamble to the Constitution. Discuss with your counselor how these functions affect your family and local community. 6.With your counselor’s approval, choose a speech of national historical importance. Find out about the author, and tell your counselor about the person who gave the speech. Explain the importance of the speech at the time it was given, and tell how it applies to American citizens today. Choose a sentence or two from the speech that has significant meaning to you, and tell your counselor why. 7.Name the three branches of our federal government and explain to your counselor their functions. Explain how citizens are involved in each branch. For each branch of government, explain the importance of the system of checks and balances. 8.Name your two senators and the member of Congress from your congressional district. Write a letter about a national issue and send it to one of these elected  officials, sharing your view with him or her. Show your letter and any response you receive to your counselor.

Behavioral Perspectives

Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo are mostly known for behavioral- science approach theory. They are more focused on the human and psychological factors, which are likely to affect the workers. A considerable philosophy of the theory illuminates employee relationship and motivation, information processing and organizational development. The three are also considered the founders of organizational psychology and behavioral approaches in the theories of management. Follet is an American social worker, a pioneer in the organizational theory and organizational behavior. He is works as a management consultant. Her theory criticized the poor handling of employees and urge managers to be friendly. In doing so, they should grant them the liberty to collaborate, socialize and work in teams. Munsterberg, on the other hand, states that only workers with standard mental capability and moral standards should be hired. Moreover, increased employee motivation, job performance, and employee retention are very imperative. In other words, he encourages matching an employee merits with his or her job description. Elton Mayo, who started human relations movement is best known for Hawthorne studies which were conducted at the western electric company. His theory is based on the soft ways for successful management. According to him, individual's work performance depends greatly on job satisfaction. He contributed significantly to behaviorism movement in the management field. However, Marx, Weber, and Taylor oppose such positions and call for employees liberations. For instance, Marx is against the bourgeois who use other people to become rich. They are uncomfortable with the states of affairs that use other people as instruments of making wealth. Even though Marx, weber and Taylor contrast them, Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo transformed the way modern employers relate to their employees. Q2Organizational structure defines how organizational activities are coordinated, and directing supervisions of the allocated tasks towards the achievement of organizational goals. Major types of the organizational structure include functional, divisional and matrix. Functional structure refers to the grouping of the organization departments according to purposes. It is useful for small organizations with flexible departments which can solely rely on the skills, talents, and knowledge of employees. Divisional structure is used by large organizations which operate in different geographical areas. The organization is divided into divisions which areas separately managed towards achieving the common set goals. It is useful in the sense that its desires can be met rapidly and more specifically since each division operates independently. Q3Everyone in a workplace possesses different personalities. The use of personality test immensely employs the use of the big five personality traits which includes openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. In a workplace, personality traits can help in revealing strengths and weaknesses of the employees. Moreover, it helps in determining levels of emotional intelligence among employees, a key tool for effective communication. In addition to this, personality traits help in creating awareness and enhancing excellent teamwork among employees. Finally, personality traits it helps in promoting a deeper understanding of employee capabilities based on their strengths and capabilities, thus making it easier to delegate the duties. Q4 Perceptual distortions refer to the variations of a person's response to a stimulus from the common perception. Majorly, it occurs as a result of intellectual biases of an individual. The major causes of perceptual distortions include but not limited to stereotyping, halo effect, pre-deposition, recency effect, pre-deposition effect, primacy effect, and prejudice. An example of perceptual distortion is that of an individual who is suffering from anorexia and holds a biased self-image. Such people see their bodies as overweighed and unsightly whereas others perceive them as the undernourished as well as underweighted. Q5 Impression management refers to a self-presentation system which focuses on improving a person's image in the eyes of others. Typically, it refers to a process in which people attempt to influence the perception of others. Managers synonymously implement the use of impression management to present themselves to their employees, the public and to their peers as a way of impelling the insights of their appearance. The underlying motives and basic governing factors of impression management culminates in the awareness of being a potential monitoring instrument and the kind social status. Additionally, cultural norms, personal goals, and social perspectives form other impression motives and governing factors for managers. The duo reveals the assertions, which leads to a dynamic way of presentational aspects. Managers tend to impress their employees, peers and the public through the types of clothes they put on, which have specific designs and fashions. Politicians wear nice suits, carries an expensive suitcase and move inexpensive cars so as to impress the public as they woe for votes. Christianity is another strategy used by managers to impress peers and the public alleging that their ways are pure. Q6 Stress refers to a hypersensitive response of the body to any kind of emotional strain. It occurs as a result of personal conflict between the job workload or demands and the little amount of time an employee has to meet these demands, hence lack of control. The common demands that may lead to stress in the workplace include poor organization of the work, poor work design, poor working conditions, poor management and lack of supervisory support. Moreover, job monotony and excessive workload are also sources of stress in a workstation. The general responses to stress that can be experienced are majorly classified into physical, Emotional responses. Physical stress occurs in the general body and includes pains, aches and other diseases that may be caused by stress. Physical stress is accompanied by frequent headaches, chest problems, back pain and aching stomach. It is also characterized by insufficient sleep and high blood pressure. On the other hand, Emotional responses are experiences involving feelings and thoughts during stressful circumstances. Such responses include depression and anxiety, withdrawing socially and becoming more forgetful. Anger, lack of focus and becoming more restless are other emotional responses to stress. Excessive stress is fatal and prevention measures should be put in place. In order to deal with stress, one should first trace the origin and know the causes of stress and develop healthy responses to curb the situation. Relaxing the mind and having sufficient sleep are important techniques suppressing stress. Avoid being lonely, talk to other people and seek for their help. Finally, talking to the supervisor about the stressing issue can help solve the situation. This can be perfected by improving working conditions.

Electrolux Case Summary Essay

As the largest domestic products manufacturer in the world, Electrolux has about 70000 employees all around the world in about 150 countries, making 14 billion euros in sales in 2005. However, an acquisition case from its main competitor, Whirlpool, is challenging the ? rst place of Electrolux, at the time Electrolux has just decided to divest its outdoor division. A huge decrease in sales in the following years is expected. Starting from 1920s, Electrolux has been famous for its expertise in industrial design on products such as vacuum cleaner and refrigeration. The products quickly got popular not only in its home country in Sweden, but in other western countries such as Germany, France, USA and UK, due to the homogeneous culture of these countries. A major growth in demand after World War II contributed a lot to its growth. With a large amount of accumulated cash of the past decades, Electrolux decided to expand quickly through a number of acquisitions for more market share and diversi? cation. In late 20th century, Electrolux discovered new markets in developing countries when the market in western countries was already very mature and was even showing a sign of going down. It also went through a phase of restructuring the segmentations of products as well as abandoned some less important activities. Up until 2006, the company has addressed its new strategies mainly on functional level to correspond to the challenges. To maximize the pro? t, the production would be outsourced to developing countries with lower labor costs. More ef? ient logistics has made the globalization more feasible and cost-saving. On the product market level, due to the market polarization, a more distinguishing product segmentation would be applied. While keeping the basic low-price products, Electrolux is launching a series of products with higher prices to satisfy the high-end market. On the other hand, 2% of sales would be put in R&D to keep a high rate of new products launches. The supply chain management has always been vital when it comes to consumer goods industry. When Electrolux is outsourcing more of the productions, it is also hifting the strategy of distribution channels. Instead of traditional dealers, big chains with large volume and high geographical coverage are brought up front because of lower serving cost. Above all these, the company keeps making efforts on brand-building by investing at least 2% of the sales every year. With more products are sold under Electrolux’s name, the company is also improving its brand image by stressing more on their culture through internal and external relations among employees, suppliers and retailers, etc.

Creative Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creative Strategy - Essay Example The target audience in this advertisement is the customers who shop online. Managers have upgraded firms with the latest technology that makes their products available online. Using social sites like Facebook and twitter will have the attention of website browsers. The target audience is the youths in the society. They are up to date with the latest trends in the technological sector (Burrow p45). Communication brings understanding. It can assist in building a rapport between employees in the business. It could help increase the business production levels. Communication assists in building the customer relations and fosters relationship between the management and the employees. In the end, the team will be motivated. The advertisement should encourage the target audience on the importance of the product. Low prices are a motivating statement. The advertisement should give assurance to the target audience that prices will be low. Advertisements have to come with the advantages of purchasing the product. With the advantages in place, the target audience will have the supporting information that would convince

Assignment 4 women psy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 4 women psy - Essay Example Feminists were serious in proving their arguments. Meta-analytical researches were done. Such researches yielded a variety of results and explanations. In some experiments where subjects were informed that the tests they will take were either gender-fair or not, subjects would usually perform in accordance to their pre-conceived notions about the test. One example is Spencer’s experiment on the differences in math abilities of males and females. College students of equivalent math backgrounds took math tests. Half were told that the math test showed gender differences in the past and half were told that the test has been shown to be gender fair. As expected, among those who believed that the test was gender fair, there were no gender differences in performance, however, with those who believed it showed gender differences, women under-performed compared to men. This may be explained that stereotypes about women faring less than men in mathematics may have affected their perfor mance. Such researches imply that stereotypes have the power to dictate how people may behave in certain situations. At the same time, it may be used as an excuse whenever people fail or succeed at one point or another, lessening accountability on the person himself. In the case of the experiment discussed, women may use the stereotype that they are weaker in math whenever they encounter difficult math problems. There are some theories that gender differences may spring from a biological reason, that males are differently wired from females, that they might have more hormones that may trigger aggressive tendencies and other stereotyped behaviors for males. Other theories attribute gender differences in social learning, that boys and girls behave the way they do because they have been trained as society expects them to- that girls are â€Å"sugar and spice and everything nice† and boys

Writing to evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing to evaluate - Essay Example Recently, it has two international editions have been added due to its popularity. Cosmopolitan magazine is the market leader in its niche for three reasons: usefulness in giving practical tips, universal appeal, and over-all presentation. Many women find Cosmopolitan as a useful guide for their needs. For example, young adults like college students look for practical tips on choosing make-up products as well comparing evaluation of current beauty products. However, Cosmopolitan does more than that by suggesting local products than can be a substitute for expensive ones. In addition to, the magazine occasionally inserts samples products from some very willing companies due to its wider readership. Another evidence of Cosmopolitan’s usefulness is its articles that features practical tips for working women. Cosmo shares helpful advice on dressing up for an interview, answering interview questions, dealing with gossips in the workplace, handling a difficult boss, and even comparing advantages and disadvantages of an office relationship. In addition this, smart and savvy fashion suited for a career woman is also presented in the glossy pages of the magazine. They also like the humor and the career tips and consider Cosmopolitan a â€Å"Great Magazine for Adult Women† with lots of â€Å"Sexy Advice†. That is why 87% of 53 members of this forum referred this magazine to family and friends. ( viewpoints.com ) Cosmpolitan has a universal appeal to all readers since it also presents articles that women from any race, color or age can identify with. Aside from articles about career, Cosmopolitan also features interesting articles about relationships that all women find helpful. All kind of relationships are explored here including affairs and homosexual ones. In fact, Cosmopolitan has been engaged in controversial issues such as birth

Aberdour Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aberdour - Coursework Example In the first two figures (provided that those two were from the same shore) the zonation pattern of the species varies a lot in the same species. So it is an interesting point to note as well as to research. Comparison between the Zonation Pattern of transects from Site A and B:- Transects from site A and Site B were from the same shore, although they have a lot of difference in their zonation pattern. Looking at both the figures given, Ascophyllum nodosum has totally different represented structure in the second figure as compared to first. Max scale level in the first figure is in C group, but in the second figure, it is only included in F group. Limpets also have different represented structure in the second figure as compared to first. Max scale level in the first figure is in C group, but in the second figure, it is only included in O group. Difference between Exposed Shore and Sheltered Shore Sheltered rocky shore is one where on earth the tide/waves cannot crash onto it; such as one where within a bay offering is some protection. Exposed rocky shore is a short time ago the opposite, nil to stop waves crashing onto it. Exposed can be worse for deep-sea life as the pounding of the top can damage some organisms e.g. could construct them lose their grip on the rocks. Further, organisms that can withstand the exposed shore are prone to less predatory effects and as a consequence can survive longer.

The Ideology of Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ideology of Liberalism - Essay Example This essay discusses terminology of Industrialism, Liberalism, Socialism and Romanticism. Also it describes some societal and economic factors, that led to the birth of mentioned ideologies. Industrialism witnessed the dilution of the absolute power of the monarchy and the old aristocracy. The middle class, comprised of newly prosperous manufacturers, merchants and bankers, and professionals, used their economic strength to demand a greater role in the political structure. The tenets of early Liberalism included the belief in meritocracy, as opposed to inherited privilege, the guarantee of property and contract rights, the enshrinement of the Bill of Rights, and the rejection of state interference in the economy: a laissez-faire policy. The ideology of Socialism also had its roots in the rise of industrialism. The rise of the middle-class to economic and political prominence, and the unfettered pursuit of profit, widened the social and economic divide between the working classes and the new bourgeoisie. Romanticism, which emphasized the search for direct communication with nature, and the concept of humans as unique individuals, is another ideology which can trace its origins to the reaction of intellectuals to the materialism and mechanization of Industrialism, and to the tenets of Liberalism. In conclusion, the essay states that the ideologies, that were engendered by the Industrial Revolution continue to influence the principles which govern politics and society in the twenty-first century.

Abortion comprehensive assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Abortion comprehensive assignment - Essay Example Some people from the section term abortion as murder, or killing of the innocent soul. According to the medical experts, â€Å"An abortion is when the pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child. Sometimes this is called termination of pregnancy.† Abortion in the United States has been going on for centuries; unwanted pregnancies have been in existence for very many years and in one way or the other such pregnancies were eliminated. Before the18th century women carried out abortion at will as there were no laws that restricted or barred the women from doing so. Due to the lack of any specific laws so many women carried out abortions that some states started coming up with laws to restrict abortions. The first law was the Connecticut statute 1821 the statute prohibited the use of â€Å"toxic substances to cause miscarriage.† Soon afterwards other states followed New York law in 1829. After the New York law various states came up with laws that punished the abortion providers, restricted abortions and at times punishing women seeking to carry out abortions. The first ever United States Federal law to be enacted was the Comstock Law of 1873. The law allowed a special postal agent to open mails suspected to contain abortion or contraceptive. The main aim for the law was to suppress the circulation of â€Å"obscene materials† From the year 1900 up to1960s, abortions were outlawed. As a result many women turned to unsafe abortion. In the year 1965 a total of 265 deaths were reported to have taken pace as a result of unsafe abortions. New York as well as California reported complications with 20% being as a result abortions. As a result of the numerous deaths associated with unsafe abortions, a series of cases were taken to the Supreme Court and some women were granted the right to carry out abortions (Solodnikov,  2011). During the great depression that took place in the

Sustainable management futures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable management futures - Assignment Example The concept of CSR consists of attractive or good business ethics and is associated with what could be evaluated ethically or morally good (Robins, 2008). According to Waddock (2004) CSR is â€Å"The separation of company responsibilities which associates with a corporate discretionary/voluntary associations with its community and societal stakeholders.† Corporations view integrating an active CSR subsistence as a contrivance to boost their gung ho benefit with exterior and interior stakeholders (Branco & Rodrigues, 2006).This essay examine the CSR activities and behaviour of Sainsbury in its home country and overseas and evaluates it ethical and environmentally responsible behaviour by applying relevant moral theories and sustainability replicas to date and create recommendations. Sainsbury plc is UK’s leading food merchant with interests in financial and non-food services. The group consists of Bells Stores, Sainsbury’s Supermarkets, Sainsbury’s Bank and Jackson’s Stores. It has more than 145,000 employees working under various groups. The business of Sainsbury business is constructed on a dedication to services and quality since 1869 and its main is to give the best products to its customers at an affordable price. In the year 1996, Sainsbury began official reporting with regards to ecological impact. This reporting was further broadened to Corporate Social Responsibility as reply to greater demand among its shareholders. This essay is further divided in various sections that will help us evaluates it ethical and environmentally responsible behaviour by applying relevant moral theories and sustainability replicas to date and create recommendations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sainsbury CSR means a lot to Sainsbury, as it means offering their consumers abundant range of good and quality food products at a reasonable price. Besides this it also means offering a fair price to it suppliers a reassurance that they have a consumer for their goods. To Sainsbury, this means enriching their communities via career and employment development prospects along with making profits for their shareholders. Moreover the right usage of valuable resources such as electricity and water and perseverance of the local surroundings is yet another aspect for them. Sainsbury’s major CSR objectives are as follows: Perk up energy efficiency Heave colleague responsiveness of energy expenses and ecological effect Transporting produces more economically by reducing the miles travelled by deliverance fleet and utilising electric motor vehicles in its domicile delivery flotilla. In the theoretical structure Sainsbury’s rank greatly for its Corporate Social Responsibility activities particularly with regards ecological issues. Sainsbury’s has spent in energy competence projects, as well as refrigeration, lighting, ventilation and heating showing the corporate enduring financial dedication to CSR actions. Wi th the help of Carbon Trust, Sainsbury has also made a 5 site waste and energy study in order to perk up existing practice in waste and energy management. In addition, in 2010 they drew strategy to alter 20 percent of its house delivery flotilla to electric motor vehicles (Mintel, 2008) which justifies its high score in the theoretical structure for its inbound logistics. Sainsbury’s CSR Strategies The 1st monitoring strategy in order to assist dairy

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor Company Case Study

Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor Company - Case Study Example The study also contains the leadership style of Alan Mulally. Alan Mulally has also applied his own strategies and made certain changes in the company due to which the company has been able to recover and has shown the potential of growth in future. The evidence based management has been applied in this study to identify whether the style of management of Alan Mulally comes under this aspect. It has observed that under Alan Mulally, there is transparency in the company, as every aspect is communicated to everyone in the company. Personality of Alan Mulally The personality can be judge on the basis of five fundamental elements which is known as the Big Five Dimensions of personality. The researcher of personality has projected the fundamental feature for evaluation of a personality (Coon, 2009). This theory is growing since the last 50 years. The big five is a broad class of personality traits which reflects a personality or behavior of an individual. The five categories are discussed as follows: Extraversion: It includes character of an individual as, sociability, assertiveness, talkativeness, and excitability and high level of ‘emotional expressiveness’. Agreeableness: It includes aspect such as, altruism, trust, affection, kindness and prosaically behaviors. Conscientiousness: It includes thoughtfulness, impulse as well as goal-focused behaviors. Neuroticism: It includes individual having emotional insecurity, irritability, nervousness, and unhappiness. Openness: It includes features of individuals such as imagination as well as insight and dept of life (Coon, 2009). According to the Big Five Dimension of Personality, Alan Mulally is a leader who especially focuses on the goals or objectives. He has high desires to achieve the objectives, thus it can be said that he is an individual having conscientiousness personality. He is involved in making the company more focused in its core business as the company was unsuccessful and had incurred loss of about $12.6 billion in 2006. It can be observed that, Alan Mulally visits the operation unit every week to assess the performance level of each unit (Coon, 2009). It can also be said that he has characteristics of openness as his thoughts and expectations for the company is really quite high. He had thought of manufacturing electrical car in 2010 and to be ahead from his competitors such as GM as well as Chrysler/Fiat. This characteristic has made him more challenging and thus enhancing his leadership quality. His behavior such as respect, discipline and listening to others as well as appreciation of others views shows that he has characteristics of extroversion and agreeableness. He is open to everyone, as he shares all the strategies with his executives. He had been an initiator as he developed a new strategy for operational unit of the company (Coon, 2009). Leadership Style Leadership is an act of making others to do the work with different techniques so as to achieve a common go al. Alan Mulally’s style of leadership is to approach employees to attain the company’s objectives is participative style. This style engages Alan Mulally along with other executives while taking the decision related to the company. The process of decision making helps to determine executives to do their work in an appropriate way to achieve the common goals. However, Alan Mulally has given an authority to their executives to contribute in the process of deci

The Storm by Kate Chopin Essay Example for Free

The Storm by Kate Chopin Essay The short story The Storm by Kate Chopin revolves around a setting that is both exciting and enticing. Chopins portrayal of the storms setting reinforces the plots main thematic elements through descriptive imagery that coincides with the characters emotions throughout the story. The characters in this story, Alcee and Calixta in particular, each make their own best of the situation as the storm hits. The storm is described as a violent one, with thrashing winds and blinding rain. The cracking of the thunder is frightening to Calixta, and jump-starts an emotional reunion between her and Alcee. Alcee takes shelter in Calixta and her husband, Bobintots home before the storm begins. Alcee, hearing the rumble of the thunder and the uneasy voice of Calixta, tries to comfort her. While the rain beats against the door, he reminds her of a moment that they shared in Assumption. They then began to kiss one another as they did that night in Assumption. One thing led to another and they ended up engaging in a sexual encounter that was purely for the pleasure of each of them. In the late 1800s sex was not looked upon as an experience that was meant to be pleasurable for a woman, instead it was looked upon as an obligation of a wife to her husband. The setting of this story seems to act as a catalyst for these two individuals to look back at their past together and to relive it. While Calixta and Alcee are fornicating, her husband and son, Bibi, are taking cover in a cistern from the storm. They were out getting shrimp for Calixta to cook for dinner. Bibi had been splashed with mud on his good pants and the collar of his shirt, and his father commented My! Bibi, wat will yo mama say! (Chopin 117). They then freshened up a bit to appear more becoming when they returned home. It seems that Bobintot cares very much for his wife and always wants him and his son to look presentable when they are around Calixta. It also seems as though the two are not too worried about Calixtas welfare during the storm, although the story does make mention of whether she will be alright or not. When Alcee and Calixta are talking inside her house about their time in Assumption, Chopin writes: For in Assumption, he had kissed and kissed and kissed her; until his senses would well nigh fail, and to save her he would resort to a desperate flight. If she was not an immaculate dove in those days, she was still inviolate; a passionate creature whose very defenselessness had made her defense, against which his honor forbade him to prevail. (Chopin 116). This is telling the reader that they did not make love back in Assumption. Calixta was a virgin then and they were too afraid of being caught to give themselves to each other. If they had sex, Calixta would have probably become pregnant and their reputations would have been destroyed. She would have been labeled a harlot and Alcees honor would have been ruined. However; now in this moment of the storm, she is married, and if they have sex and she gets pregnant, everyone will assume that the baby belongs to Bobintot and she will not be caught. Then storm then ended and Alcee rode off on his horse. Bobintot and Bibi returned home with the shrimp and Calixta acted very excited to see them. She got excited and told her husband: Shrimps! Oh, Bobintot! You too good fo anything! (Chopin 117) and kissed him and Bibi excessively. The reader also learns that Alcee has a wife that is staying in Biloxi. Alcee wrote a loving letter to her that night telling her that he is doing well and that she should stay in Biloxi if she and the children are fairing well there. The setting often invokes emotional responses that force the characters to react accordingly, which, in turn develops the plot. The surrounding storm is a representation of Calixtas bound up inner emotions. She seems to feel like she has no pleasure in her life and cant do anything that she wants to do. This is why she so effortlessly acts out in the manner she does with Alcee. The story tells the reader that while Calixta is in Alcees arms, the thunder and wind do not faze her whatsoever when Chopin writes: They need not heed the crashing torrents, and the roar of the elements made  her laugh as she lay in his arms. She was a revelation in that dim, mysterious chamber; as white as the couch she lay upon. (Chopin 116). On any given afternoon, a storm of this magnitude would easily frighten Calixta, as she was frightened before Alcee took her into his arms, however; while romancing with Alcee, Calixta was at peace with the storm. The reader can infer that Calixta is overwhelmingly enthused by the situation that she is in. Furthermore, the storm actually acts as a sort of door that allows these actions to take place. The Storm was written and set in the late 1800s, when women had few purposes in life other than cleaning, cooking, bearing children, and pleasing their husbands. Kate Chopin seemed to contradict this in her writing. Writing a story about a womans extramarital affair with a man, who is also married, was something that few people wrote about or agreed with in her day. In fact, the majority of society strongly disagreed with her work. So much even that she was not allowed to publish anymore after her novel The Awakening. In conclusion, Chopins portrayal of the storms setting reinforces the plots main thematic elements through descriptive imagery that coincides with the characters emotions throughout the story. Chopins use of descriptive imagery in The Storm draws the reader into the setting and provides essential elements for plot development. Chopin utilizes the stormy setting to portray the characters participating in sinful acts that at the time were considered taboo. Also, the setting of The Storm provides for the reader an atmosphere capable for understanding and relating to the plots many themes. Not only does the setting provide essential elements for plot development, it also acts somewhat as a separate character in itself by affecting the mood and actions of the main characters. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd. ed. New York: Longman, 2002. 114-118.

Physical Education In Schools | Essay

Physical Education In Schools | Essay Education, in the broad sense, can be considered as any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. Formal education is the process by which society, through schools, colleges, universities and other institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural heritage, accumulated knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to another. It involves planned programs and distinct methods for the purpose of accomplishing educational objectives. No doubt education has been a state subject, but the centre has always kept a keen vigil over its development (Naik, 1974). Physical education is one of the elements of education; which through physical activity can transform knowledge, values and skills-as a result of participation in muscular activities. Much can be learned about environment, others, and ownselves through this form of participation. Furthermore, it can significantly influence the development of ones personality and ability to function effectively (Ali, 2005). The central advisory board of physical education and recreation (1964) emphasized that physical education is an integral part of the education- education through physical activity to develop the total personality of the child to its fulfillment and perfection in body, mind and spirit. It is concerned with the development of physical fitness. In driving for such fitness, however, physical education has to train the children mentally, morally with social qualities, arouse its awareness about environment and develop alertness, presence of mind, resourcefulness, discipline, co-ordination and the spirit of respect, sympathy and generosity towards others-qualities that are essential for making congruence with the environment to live a happy and well adjusted life in a free and democratic world. Physical education can thus make a very valuable contribution to our national life. UNESCO (1999) asserted that everything that influences behaviour and personality is education. By encouraging development of the childs abilities, physical education and sport constitute the very foundation of education, a veritable schooling for life in society. Instead of the mind-body dichotomy it would seem preferable to adopt the principles of unity and parity. It is desirable in any case that in the first instance children, and especially adolescents, should be helped to gain awareness of their bodies and the psycho-physical unity of their being, because physical learning is not only physical activity, but also knowledge. It emphasizes that physical education has a fixed place in the school timetable and it is seen one of the only subjects which offers the opportunity for students to improve their physical fitness, develop physical and social skills, and gain knowledge which is not included in other areas of the curriculum. It has further emphasized that the physical education has a major role to play in the development of young people. It is closely linked to other creative learning experiences and skill acquisition. The history of physical education reflects peoples attitudes about physical activity from prehistoric times, because the phenomenon survival of fittest was directly related to physical prowess to find food. Gradually, ancient societies in China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome adopted physical education as part of military training. As the more developed societies came to value the scholarly life, physical education lost favor. In the 11th five year plan (2007-2012) the working group on sports and physical education has suggested that accentuated sports and Games as a vital component of social and cultural life are embedded in the Indian heritage, and can be found in the archaeological excavations of Mohenjodaro and Harappa, the Vedic literature, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the Puranas, the literary works of eminent scholars such as Kautilya, Kalidasa, Panini and Dandin, as well as in Buddhist and Jain literature. Physical activities had been seen as an intrinsic component of education and valuable and effective means for the development of human personality in the philosophical texts of ancient Greece, the progenitor of the Olympic movement. Every civilization has evolved and developed its own indigenous modes of physical endeavor and healthy social interaction through a variety of games and sports. Apart from being a means of physical exercise and fitness, sports and games have been a medium of entertai nment, the generation of a spirit of healthy competition, bonding and pride in the community, and an avenue of constructive preoccupation for active young generation. Physical education and sport, although closely linked, are not synonymous. Sport is formalised physical activity involving competition or challenges against oneself, others or the environment, with an emphasis on winning. It begins in play and develops through games and challenges. The focus in the physical education curriculum is on the childs holistic development, stressing personal and social development, physical growth, and motor development. Goal-setting, within the curriculum, focuses on individual improvement and not on winning or being the best Primary School Curriculum, (1999). Participation in physical education and sport programs provide students with an opportunity to develop their decision-making, problem solving and social skills through a health enhancing environment which contributes to enjoyment, increased mental alertness and an understanding about the importance of physical activity for life long benefits. Therefore, the planning and management of the physical education curriculum in schools should always have to be child-centered, mainly focusing on their overall development and providing rich and varied experiences physical education sports policy for schools, Saint Lucia, (2002). It has been found that after the independence of the country numerous commissions have been appointed by the Central and State governments to study various aspects of education, point out the pit-falls and to suggest the appropriate measures for over-coming them. Some of the pioneer education commissions and their specific significant recommendations with special reference to physical education and sports have been presented here under for reference in view of their relevance in the context of the present empirical research work: Sri Ramaswamy Mudaliar Commision (1952-53) The Mudaliar Commission Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) recommended that in physical education group games and individual physical exercises should be given in the schools under the supervision of Director of physical education. It also recommend that, all teachers or at least those below the age of 40 should actively participate in many of the activities of physical education and thus make it a living part of total school program instead of being a side issue entrusted to an isolated member of the staff. It placed special value on group games as they help to mould charter of students in addition to affording recreational facilities and contributing to their physical well being. The All India Council of Sports (1954) This council was constituted by Union Ministry of Education to advise Government on all matters related to sports and games including financial assistance to sports organizations. It acted as liaison between various sports bodies and the government. It advised sports organizations, suggested steps for development of playgrounds etc., adopted suitable measures to improve sports standards, ensured proper use of funds and facilitated National teams to go abroad for participation in sports competitions. Ad hoc Inquiry Committee for Games and Sports (1958) This committee was appointed by the central government under the chairmanship of Maharaja of Patiala. It investigated the persistently low standards of Indian teams in sports and games at Olympics and other international competitions. The committee recommended that better facilities should be made available, credits should be given to players for achievements in sports and talented players should be provided with nutrition. Kunzuru Committee (1959) It was appointed to examine the report on the schemes of physical education, sports and character building programs in educational institutions. It recommended the measures for effective co-ordination of different schemes as well as the graded syllabus in physical education for the first time in the country. Dr CD Deshmukh Committee (1963) It was appointed by University grant Commission to examine the facilities of physical education and standards of sports and games in the Indian Universities and Colleges. It was also to recommend measures to be taken to improve standards. It recommended that highest priority should be given to physical education in Universities and colleges. The recommendations emphasized on provisions of basic facilities on the basis of grant-in-aid and need of coaching of talented students. Education Ministers Conference (1964) The conference of Education Ministers of the states in 1956, 1959 and 1964 recommended that greater attention should be given to the provision of playgrounds in educational institutions and adequate funds should be provided for this purpose and also that physical exercises, sports and games must be provided for every student. The conferences recommended that physical education is an integral part of the education- education through physical activity to develop the total personality of the child to its fulfillment and perfection in body, mind and spirit, immediately. It is concerned with the development of physical fitness. In driving for such fitness, however, physical education has necessarily to train the children mentally, morally and social qualities, arouse its awareness of environment and develop alertness, presence of mind, resourcefulness, discipline, co-ordination and the spirit of respect, sympathy and generosity towards other qualities that are essential for a happy and we ll adjusted life in a free and democratic world. Physical education can thus make a very valuable contribution to our national life. The report of the Education Commission (1966) The report observes that there has been a tendency in recent Government schemes of physical education to emphasize only the physical fitness values. The report has laid down the following principles upon which a satisfactory programme of physical education should be based: a) Physical education programmes should be planned for desirable outcomes keeping in mind the interest and capacity of the participant. b) Special Instruction and coaching should be provided to students with talent and special aptitude. Kothari Commission (1966) The Kothari Commission (Education Commission) 1964-66 recommended that it must be emphasized that physical education contributes not only to physical fitness but also to physical efficiency, mental alertness, and development of certain qualities like perseverance, team spirit, leadership and obedience to rules, moderation in victory and balance in defeat. Physical education should include development exercises, rhythmic activity, sports and games, outing activities and group handling activities. Simpler activities should be introduced in the early classes more advanced ones should be gradually provided as boys and girls become more and more mature. Ishwarbhai Patel Committee (1981-82) This committee had laid special emphasis on physical education and sports in school education and has pointed out the need for adequate time provision for this area of school work. The Committee has suggested that physical education at the primary stage should include: (a) dance (b) games including training; (c) yoga; (d) gymnastics and (e) swimming. The Report of The All India Seminar on Problems of Physical Education and Sports for School and Non-school Going Youth (1981-82) The report has came to the following conclusions: a) That physical education and sports have not yet become a mass movement in the life of the people of India. b) There is absence of a workable programme, lack of facilities, equipment and properly trained personnel to implement the programmes of physical education and sports in educational institutions; c) There is a large out of school youth population for which there is particularly no provision for sports activities; d) Special efforts must be made to popularize physical education and sports among women and girls. Sports Authority of India: Sports Authority of India was established in 1984, with the aim to develop the sports infrastructure in various parts of the country on one hand and thus to produce elite sports persons for International participation on the other hand. One of the progressive steps was the re-organization of the departments under the Union Ministry of Education and the creation of Ministry of human Resource Development. So far as physical education, sports and youth development are concurred, this new ministry has created the Sports Authority of India in 1984 to look after all aspects relating to physical education, sports, adventure sports and other youth development programmes. This organization (SAI) has been trying hard to co-ordinate all schemes relating to training and coaching of physical education and sports, developing infrastructure facilities in the country and rendering useful advise to the government in matters relating to sports and games. However, it is the Sports Authority of India (SAI), which has been responsible for promotion of sports in the country. Many of the countrys leading sports persons are products of SAI system. Over the years SAI has initiated various schemes to spot talent and nurture them. N.C.E.R.T. Curriculum (1988) The NCERT developed the national curriculum for elementary and secondary in 1988 to reflect the postulates of the National Policy of Education and the Programmes of action, 1986. The main thrust of this exercise was to provide for the national core-curriculum in the school syllabi as postulated in the National Policy and to integrate physical education with the academic program in the schools. The core-curriculum states that health and physical education and sports should be an integral part of the learning process and be included in the evaluation of performance. It underlines the important place of mental and emotional health in addition to physical health. It also states that amongst the sports and games activities due stress should be made on the indigenous traditional games. As a system which promotes integral development of the body and mind. The core-curriculum envisages 10% of the time in the school time table for health and physical education at primary stage, 10% at upper primary stage and 9% at secondary stage. Annual Plan (1999-2000) An outlay of Rs 190 crore had been approved for the Department of Youth Affair Sports for the Annual Plan 1999-2000. The thrust was on harnessing Yuva Shakti and Development of Sports Infrastructure and promotion of Sports and games in the following ways:- Integration of various schemes of youth implemented by the Department of Youth Affairs Sports was emphasized with a view to develop linkage between programmes and to make available more funds for programme contents rather than administrative cost. There was need to take wider perspective and integrate sports as part of education system. For that purpose, department of education is to earmarked funds for sports promotion, upkeep of playgrounds, sports infrastructure under Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodya Vidyalayas, training of physical education instructors etc. Similarly, the state Governments were also provided additive provision for sports in their education Budgets so that improved sports facilities would become available to youth. Special attention was given to the promotion of sports and games among the special children by providing specially designed equipment, playgrounds and instructors and by holding of tournaments. Need was felt to formulate a scheme for the promotion of sports among the special population. In order to implement the recommendations of these commissions and committees regarding physical education and sports, ministry of youth affairs and sports has been created by centre government in 1982. For ensuring mass participation in games and sports and to create sporting environment in the country, Sports Authority of India came into being in 1984. Besides above, the government of India has formulated national policies for education as well as sports time to time wherein for the promotion of games and sports, specific objectives have been spelled out. National Policy on Education (1968) Soon after the report of the Kothari Commission, National Policy on Education was enunciated in (1968) and was specified that games and sports should be developed on a large scale with the object of improving the physical fitness and sportsmanship of the average students as well as those who excel in the institution. Where playing fields and other facilities for developing a nationwide programme of physical education did not exist, those had to be provided on priority basis. The Draft National Sports Policy (1980) It has laid down the enlisted aims and objectives of the three-fold new sports policy (a) to inculcate sports and health consciousness among the masses for regular participation in sports and to make the nation healthy and strong (b) to raise the standards in sports and in the process earn a place of pride in international sports competitions; (c) to provide all the necessary facilities and infrastructure which are essential for creating sports consciousness and promotion of the standards of performance in sports. National Policy on Education (1986) As modified in (1992) with National Policy on Education, (1968), Sports and physical education is an integral part of the learning process, and will be included in the evaluation of performance. A nation-wide infrastructure for physical education, sports and games will be built into the educational edifice. The infrastructure will consist of playfields, equipment, coaches and teachers of physical education as part of the school improvement programme. Available open spaces in urban areas will be reserved for playgrounds, if necessary by legislation. Efforts will be made to establish sports institutions and hostels where specialized attention will be given to sports activities and sports-related studies, along with normal education. Appropriate encouragement will be given to those talented in sports and games. Due stress will be laid on indigenous traditional games. Efforts will be made to introduce Yoga in all schools. To this end, it will be introduced in teacher training courses. National Sports Policy (2001) The National Sports Policy, 1984 was formulated with the objective of raising the standard of sports in the country. The National Education Policy, 1986 also incorporated the objectives of the policy in so far as the Education Sector was concerned. In terms of the National Sports Policy, 2001, the Central Government, in conjunction with the State Government, the Olympic Association (IOA) and the National Sports Federation will concertedly pursue the twin objectives of Broad-basing of Sports and Achieving Excellence in Sports at the National and International level. While the broad-basing of Sports will, primarily remain a responsibility of State Governments. The Union Government and the Sports Authority of India (SAI), in association with the Indian Olympic Association and the National Sports Federations, will focus specific attention on the objective of achieving excellence at the National and International levels. The integration of Sports and Physical Education with the Educational Curriculum, making it a compulsory subject of learning up to the Secondary School level and incorporating the same in the evaluation system of the student, will be actively persuaded. A National Fitness Programme would be introduced in all Schools in the Country, steps initiated to augment the availability of infrastructure, including play fields sports equipment and action taken to provide Physical Education Teachers in educational institutions through, inter-alia, the training of selected teachers in these disciplines. Specialized Sports Schools may also be set up. An appropriate inter-school and inter-college/university competition. National Youth Policy (2003) The earlier National Youth Policy was formulated in(1988). Its objectives were to help develop in youth qualities of discipline, self- reliance, justice and fair-play. It emphasized that physical fitness will be promoted through mass participation in yoga, indigenous games and modern sports will be made an integral part of all youth programmes, together with adventure activities calculated to develop the spirit of risk taking, team work and endurance. The socio-economic conditions in the country have since undergone a significant change and have been shaped by wide-ranging technological advancement. The National Youth Policy-2003 is designed to galvanize the youth to rise up to the new challenges, keeping in view the global scenario, and aims at motivating them to be active and committed participants in the exciting task of National Development. The Policy, accordingly enunciates that: Sports and games be promoted as a mass movement by making it a way of life; Sports, Games and Physical Education including Yoga, should be compulsory in all Educational Institutions; Every educational institution should have adequate facilities for recreation, adventure and sports activities, including playgrounds; At least one-fifth of the time spent by a student in an educational institution should be earmarked for outdoor activities; Geographically disadvantaged areas would be extended additional support for the promotion of Sports and Games; Rural, traditional and indigenous sports would be accorded special attention and it would be the responsibility of the Panchayat institutions with the help of local youth organizations to develop and maintain infrastructure for this purpose. This involvement of organized youth bodies such as youth clubs under the NYKS, the volunteers of the NSS and the Scouts and Guides in the creation and maintenance of sports infrastructure will go a long way in reducing the high cost of such infrastructure; A National Youth Festival will be held each year, starting at the Block level and culminating at the National level; Youth Hostels would be constructed in as many places of historical and cultural interest as possible, to promote youth tourism; Youth Organizations devoted to such activities will be encouraged; Adventure activities among the youth be promoted to inculcate qualities of leadership, resilience, courage, discipline and love for nature and the environment. In addition to the efforts made by the Central government, various state governments have also formulated sports policies for their respective states for the upliftment of games and sports as well as to involve youth in sporting activities. In addition to the efforts made by the Central Government, various state governments have formulated sports policies for their respective states for the upliftment of games and sports as well as to involve youth in sporting activities. These are as follows: State Sports Policy Meghalaya (2008) State Level Excellence (2008) Madhya Pradesh Sports Policy (2005) Haryana Sports Policy (2009) Punjab Sports Policy (2009) Draft State Policy of Assam (2010) The Jammu and Kashmir Draft State Sports Policy (2006) The aim and objectives of the sports policy can be broadly defined as under:- To provide opportunity to all individuals of the state to engage themselves in constructive, healthy physical activity for personality development irrespective of caste, creed, color, region and religion. To provide reasonable and adequate facilities to all individuals of the state in pursuing the sports activity of their choice depending upon the socio-economic and climatic conditions. To create infrastructure in every nook and corner of the state over a period of time so that every individual can pursue the game of his choice at his door step. To broad-base and strengthen the sports and allied activities carried out by various organizations in order to provide opportunity to every individual to participate in competitive sports. To encourage the people living in remote and inaccessible areas to involve themselves in various activities carried out by various organizations. To promote and encourage rural and indigenous sports and allied activities specific to the area. To provide adequate opportunities in terms of infrastructure, coaching, specialized training for achieving excellence in sports. To encourage, promote and patronage the activities of various Autonomous bodies like State Sports Associations for bringing about perceptible qualitative improvement in various sports and games. To provide incentives to the outstanding sports persons of the State by providing scholarships, reservation in professional colleges and job opportunities in Government/Private sector so as to encourage them to achieve higher landmarks in their respective games. To provide specialized coaching along the scientific lines to promising persons in the State for better performance at National/International level. To provide necessary infrastructure and financial support for popularizing and promoting various adventure sports in the State. To provide reasonable and adequate scientific back up to the sports persons and the persons associated with the promotion of sports in order to keep up with the latest technology and methodologies for excellence in different disciplines. To provide patronage and requisite financial assistance and infrastructure support to various Non-Governmental organizations like Nehru Yuva Kendra, Bharat Scouts and Guides Association etc; in order help them in promoting their activities throughout the State. The present work is a sincere effort of the researcher to critically evaluate the policies and programmes of physical education and sports being run in the schools of Jammu and Kashmir. Definitions of the Terms Physical Education Physical Education is an integral part of total education process; it is a field of endeavour which has its aim the development of physically fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view of realizing these out comes. According to Williams (1964) Physical education is the sum of mans physical activities as to kind and conducted as to outcomes. The term Education when used in conjunction with physical, refers to a process of education that develops the human body especially fitness and movement skills (Pestolesi Baker, 1990). Programme Programme is an enlisted plan of events, performed at a public function. It is related to those activities which have distinctive mission and time schedule. Programmes is thus a means of achieving same desired results within the scheduled time. Policy Policy is a definite course or method of action selected by government, institution, group or individual from among alternatives and in the light of given conditions to guide and, usually, to determine present and future decisions.  · It is a specific decision or set of decisions designed to carry out such a course of action. Evaluation Neilson and Jensen (1972) have defined evaluation as a process of determining the status of something and of relating that status to some standard in order to make a value judgment. According to Chelladuri (1985) Evaluation is the process of assessing the degree to which the organization as a whole and various units and individuals have accomplished what they set out to do. The present study deals with critical evaluation of policies and programs of physical education and sports in Jammu and Kashmir. Physical education has been made compulsory by the Government in all Middle, High and Higher Secondary Schools but still needs special attention to find its rightful place in the general education. The researcher has undertaken this study keeping in view the intricacies and inadequacies of physical education and sports in the country in general and Jammu and Kashmir in particular. The review of literature has revealed that numerous researches have been conducted by the investigators regarding policies and programmes of physical education and sports in the states like Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, etc. but no sincere effort by any researcher has so far been made to examine the status of physical education and sports in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in general and its schools in particular. Hence, the present researcher has made an attempt to evaluate the policies and programmes of physical education and sports in the schools of Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the present survey type study has been designed. Statement of the Problem The study has been stated as Critical evaluation of policies and programmes of physical education in the schools of Jammu and Kashmir. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to critically analyze the present state of policies and programmes of physical education and sports in the schools of Jammu and Kashmir, and thus to findout the existing shortcomings and inadequacies regarding these policies and programmes. Delimitations The study was delimited to high and higher secondary schools of Jammu and Kashmir regions. The study was delimited to the evaluation of programmes and policies regarding physical education and sports only at the level of high and higher secondary schools of Jammu and Kashmir regions. Only questionnaire methods were employed for collecting data regarding the present work which may also be a delimitation of the study. The study was further delimited to the government high and higher secondary schools of Jammu and Kashmir regions. Limitations As the present study was a status study and the method used for collecting data was survey method and the informations were gathered on a self designed questionnaire, it may be possible that some of the important informations might have left unaddressed. Biased approach of the respondents especially on some of the important matters may be considered as one of the limitations of the study. Casual attitude of the respondents has also been considered as the limitation of the study. Variations in climatic conditions of two regions of the state can also be considered as a limitation of the study. As the data was collected only from the physical education teachers and principals of the schools this may also be considered as a limitation. Hypotheses Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the following null hypotheses were formulated: There would be no proper implementation of policies and programmes of physical education and sports in the schools What is teamwork? What is teamwork? INTRODUCTION: TEAMWORK Teamwork is about galvanizing a group of people towards a common objective while simultaneously addressing the head yet appealing to the heart. Teamwork is also about bringing the best out of each individual in the pursuit of a collective goal deemed worthy of being realized. Therefore, according to Jon Katzenbach (a published author and consultant who is best known for his work on theinformal organisation.), ‘a teamis a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. IMPORTANCE OF TEAMWORK IN ORGANISATION A challenging business climate needs to be engaged by effective teamwork. It provides an opportunity to come together and establish a common ground for the fulfillment of specific objectives. Empathy, appreciation and encouragement are some of the critical ingredients of effective teamwork. The vision must be bold, stir the intellect and yet move the heart. What is at stake needs to be clearly spelled out. Alcorn (2006) provides a definition of a team from 1886, which defines a team as work done by several associates, with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole. In a simple context, this means that a team is a collective whole of people that work together so that they are more productive. The key for any organisation is to possess a team that can be defined using Alcorns provided definition. A team isnt a team simply because a company pulls a group of workers together and calls them a team, but instead as a result of careful planning, hard work, and constant tweaking of team processes on a continuous basis. In todays competitive world where every organisation is striving to gain the best position in the market the concept of Group Development and Teamwork are steadily gaining importance. Individual decision making has taken a back stage and paved the way for team management approach for problem solving and decision making which has been productive for the organisations. This strategy not only benefits the organisation but also the individual employee, hence its been rapidly adopted by businesses. Management Professor Tracy McDonald states that The teamwork push probably started in business in the late 1970s or early 80s with the advent of quality circles [employee problem-solving teams],she says innovation, creativity and change have been some of the main drivers of team success and since the past 30 years, organisations have embraced this concept with welcoming hands. Yuki Funo the Chairman and CEO of Toyota motor, states that the â€Å"Toyota way is the way to number 1†. One of the principles of the Toyota way is to ‘add value to the organisation by developing your people and people can be developed by molding them into exceptional individuals and teams to work within the corporate philosophy. Nippard B. creator a Facebook group (teamwork ladder) on teamwork states that â€Å"more than 80% of fortune 500 companies subscribe to teamwork. Teamwork brings success no matter how you define victory.† Groups and Teams facilitate the organisation to achieve a competitive advantage because groups increase responsiveness to the organisations customers, employee motivation, increase creativity and they have also been capable of helping the members of organisation to enhance task performance and experience more satisfaction with their work. Team Responsiveness to Customers: It has been a priority for organisations to be elastic and readily responsible for the continuously changing needs, behavior and desires of customers. Being reactive to customers often requires different levels of the hierarchy departments to combine their skills and knowledge. For example, at the lower hierarchy the employees such as sales representatives of a car company, they are the people who are closest to the customers and are aware of the customer needs. But their job in the organisation is to just make sales of the cars and they cannot instill the desired changes into the car, which is in the field of the research and development department. For making the change a higher level of hierarchy is required such as research and development experts and other members who can come together and create a group or a cross- functional team who with its diverse skills and capability will enhance the responsiveness to customer needs. It is important for managers to understand the need and set up the appropriate cross-functional team who will carefully determine what type of expertise and capabilities are required to be responsive to the customers. This information is very vital for forming teams. A cross-functional team is the best solution thats aligned to any business needs can help you improve your efficiency and respond to customers more quickly. The needs of a customer are focused forming such cross functional teams and a satisfied customer is always an asset for any organisation. Employee Motivation: Kreitner R. (1995) has defined motivation as ‘the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction. ‘Groups and teams are formed to increase the productivity and efficiency of an organisation. To do so Managers have learnt that increasing employee motivation and satisfying team members is the best way to achieve an organisations strategic objectives. It is also about the motivation of members of the group to stick with each other and oppose leaving it. Being motivating to the team members and giving them the experience of working with other creative members in the organisation is very inspiring and leads the team members to be more creative in their work and helps them to be more productive and increases their work effort. All the ideas generated are directly contributed in the final result and in the success of the organisational goals, and hence the members of the team feel personally responsible for the outcomes or results of their work. This satisfies the statement by Dwight D. Eisenhower thatMotivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it. Enhanced Performance and Synergy: ‘Synergy is the effect that the combined return â€Å"whole† is greater than the sum of the individual parts. (Sebastian Knoll, Cross-Business Synergies, page 14). The phenomenon of Synergy within a Group or Team has become one of the most vital parts for an organisation. People who work in groups are able to produce more efficiently and they confer greater quality of output than that produced by an individual and their productivity combined. Joint problem solving, variety in ideas and knowledge, different views towards an issue and accomplishing difficult tasks are some of the factors added by synergy in groups. To make utilize of synergy in groups managers need to make sure that, the group they put together comprise a variety of skills and talents which are diverse and corresponding but still relevant to the task, and being certain that these skills are coordinated efficiently. Managers should make sure that the groups achieve goals for the organisation in their own way and enough independence is provided to solve problems. Innovation: Organisations constantly strive to develop new products, services, new technologies and deliver them to the market. Innovation provides organisations with competitive advantage. An individual working alone might possess an innovative idea, but it takes a team with skills and expertise to execute it. For this reason, Managers create teams with different individuals, with diverse skills, knowledge, and a variety of talents so they can turn an individuals innovative idea to a successful one. Managers give maximum freedom to their teams to perform their tasks without interfering much and full responsibility is given to execute the innovation. Required guidance, training, and resources are provided by the Managers but the rest is in the hands of the team. Its therefore important to have skillful team mates and everyone should be specialized in their own work, to be more creative and quick which all lies as additional advantage to the team and organisation. Team Conflicts Teams do not work in isolation and are often highly dependent on other groups or teams within the organisation to complete their goals. Conflicts can arise due to several reasons but its often due to lack of agreement on the goals of different groups. Sometimes it also arises due to direct competition. The consequences of conflict can take two forms, positive and negative. Positive also known asconstructive conflicthelps teams work towards goals through healthy debate on the decision in question. Conflicts helps the team reduce conformity and unhealthy agreement, solve problems better and overcome obstacles to group progress. It also helps teams achieve goals outside the box through continuous feedback from both internal and external sources. Negative which is also known asdestructive conflicton the other hand can result in lack of cooperation within teams and this may prove disastrous to the final goal if not managed well at its early stages. There are following conflicts in groups which are causes of destructive conflicts. Relationship Conflict Task Conflicts Value Conflict It is therefore very important for managers to take control of all the problems right from their roots. Teams that face problems such as conflicts, risky shifts, groupthink and social loafing are a treat to the organisation and should be resolved at the earliest. Conclusion: Team oriented approach is the order of the day when it comes to successful organisations who have empowered their employees, motivated them and involved them in such a way that the existence of the organisation wouldnt have been possible without the existence of teams of such highly motivated individuals. Teamwork has bought the employee and the organisation closer than ever. Problem solving, creativity, innovation and shared vision are as synonymous to teamwork as teamwork is to success. Although team building is a complex process and there are many challenges that hinder a teams success. The effectiveness of teams is dependent upon a number of psychological factors that can inhibit or improve performance. Subtle processes such as social loafing, hierarchical effects, and personality differences can dramatically inhibit team performance. Within organisational settings, teams are usually put together and allowed to function without attempts being made to ensure effective functioning. The most important elements of team management are specifying individual and team goals and the design of the team task. At the same time there must be regular clear and accurate feedback to the team on its performance over time in order to promote effectiveness. The Future of Food: Seeds of Resilience The Future of Food: Seeds of Resilience Agriculture: Food for Life Number of words: 537 Writers name: Kush Upadhyay Address: 1127 Meredith Way, Folsom, CA 95630 Phone number: 9165009613 Date of birth: 04/21/1999 School name: Vista Del Lago High School Grade: 4.0 I referred to a paper titled The Future of Food: Seeds of Resilience published by Global Alliance for the Future of Food in September 2016. The publication for focused on several aspects of improving the agro industry. Global Alliance believes that diverse and robust seed systems are central to sustainable food systems that are renewable, healthy and interconnected. They understand the urgency for supporting farmer managed seed systems in order to enhance seed diversity. Bettina Haussmann, who works across Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger with the Collaborative Crop Research Program, talks about womens important role in agricultural biodiversity and the link to nutrition: Working specifically with women farmers to cultivate and maintain local crop and varietal diversity could be a chance to (re-) link agriculture with nutrition, to improve dietary diversity in rural families and to achieve desired nutritional results and the reduction of malnutrition and hidden hunger. Bettina Haussmann discuss about the link between daily value of agricultural biodiversity and its preservation: By valuing specific crops and varieties as healthy food and possibly creating a local value chain and local markets, farmers can be encouraged to add these crops and varieties to their existing portfolio, for improving family nutrition and also for income generation purposes. Jean-Louis Pham of Agropolis Fondation describes how community based seed systems are diverse and complex entities: There is a diversity of seed systems because of the diversity of eco-geographical and economic conditions, of the crop reproductive biology, of cultural factors, etc. Between yam seed systems in Benin and the rice seed systems in the Philippines, differences are huge, even though one can reasonably attempt to describe them with a single theoretical framework. It results from this diversity and complexity over space and time that ways to sustain, protect, and strengthen community based seed systems will have to be diverse, tailored and adaptive. In a sense, there is no best way to protect and strengthen community based seed systems-there are ways which are appropriate or not depending on the situation. Bettina Haussmann suggests we move to a more systems-oriented approach to breeding, where the different functions of a crop or cultivar in the production system are considered and improved/optimized. She writes: Such an approach actually includes a paradigm shift from promoting just a few best-bet varieties to promotion of functional diversity via the development of a portfolio of best-fit' varieties (varieties that are specifically adapted to different contexts, functions and needs). To enable this, a paradigm shift is needed from considering farmers just as beneficiaries and passive adopters to considering farmers as real partners who inform and advise the crop improvement process. I would like to conclude the information gained through the publication by referring to the idea that emerges from the compendium, strengthening agricultural biodiversity requires action at the local, regional, national and international levels. The earnestness is clear. Horticultural biodiversity is the key to the eventual fate of food and our planet. The contributors boost upon the significance of supporting group based seed system, and suggest that contributors, governments, analysts, and common society associations adjust their needs to this objective. The Global Alliance for the Future of Food is stressing the significance of farming biodiversity to sustainable food frameworks. Referring the Authors BETTINA HAUSSMANN is the West Africa Liaison Scientist to the McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program, and is based at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany. Haussmanns past work at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Centre in Niamey, Niger, resulted in a regionally coordinated strategy for pearl millet improvement in West Africa. JEAN-LOUIS PHAM is a plant geneticist with Institut de recherche pour le dà ©veloppement (IRD), a French interdisciplinary research organization focused on rural issues in Africa, the Mediterranean, Latin America and Asia. Pham has a wealth of field experience in West Africa and the Philippines and is the author of dozens of peer reviewed research papers. He is